Just name a few frequently used special method names in python
__len__( self) - Called to implement the built-in function len(). Should return the length of the object, an integer
>=0. Also, an object that doesn't define a __nonzero__() method and whose __len__() method returns zero is considered to be false in a Boolean context.
__getitem__( self, key) - Called to implement evaluation of
self[key]. For sequence types, the accepted keys should be integers and slice objects. Note that the special interpretation of negative indexes (if the class wishes to emulate a sequence type) is up to the __getitem__() method. If key is of an inappropriate type, TypeError may be raised; if of a value outside the set of indexes for the sequence (after any special interpretation of negative values), IndexErrorshould be raised. For mapping types, if key is missing (not in the container), KeyError should be raised. Note:for loops expect that an IndexError will be raised for illegal indexes to allow proper detection of the end of the sequence.
__setitem__( self, key, value) - Called to implement assignment to
self[key]. Same note as for __getitem__(). This should only be implemented for mappings if the objects support changes to the values for keys, or if new keys can be added, or for sequences if elements can be replaced. The same exceptions should be raised for improper key values as for the__getitem__() method.
__delitem__( self, key) - Called to implement deletion of
self[key]. Same note as for __getitem__(). This should only be implemented for mappings if the objects support removal of keys, or for sequences if elements can be removed from the sequence. The same exceptions should be raised for improper key values as for the __getitem__() method.
__iter__( self) - This method is called when an iterator is required for a container. This method should return a new iterator object that can iterate over all the objects in the container. For mappings, it should iterate over the keys of the container, and should also be made available as the method iterkeys().Iterator objects also need to implement this method; they are required to return themselves. For more information on iterator objects, see ``Iterator Types'' in the Python Library Reference.
__contains__( self, item) - Called to implement membership test operators. Should return true if item is in self, false otherwise. For mapping objects, this should consider the keys of the mapping rather than the values or the key-item pairs.
__getslice__( self, i, j) - Deprecated since release 2.0. Support slice objects as parameters to the __getitem__() method.
Called to implement evaluation ofself[i:j]. The returned object should be of the same type as self. Note that missing i or j in the slice expression are replaced by zero orsys.maxint, respectively. If negative indexes are used in the slice, the length of the sequence is added to that index. If the instance does not implement the__len__() method, an AttributeError is raised. No guarantee is made that indexes adjusted this way are not still negative. Indexes which are greater than the length of the sequence are not modified. If no __getslice__()is found, a slice object is created instead, and passed to __getitem__() instead.
__setslice__( self, i, j, sequence) - Called to implement assignment to
self[i:j]. Same notes for i and j as for __getslice__().This method is deprecated. If no __setslice__() is found, or for extended slicing of the formself[i:j:k], a slice object is created, and passed to __setitem__(), instead of __setslice__() being called.
__delslice__( self, i, j) - Called to implement deletion of
self[i:j]. Same notes for i and j as for __getslice__(). This method is deprecated. If no __delslice__() is found, or for extended slicing of the formself[i:j:k], a slice object is created, and passed to __delitem__(), instead of __delslice__() being called.
Emulating numeric types
The following methods can be defined to emulate numeric objects. Methods corresponding to operations that are not supported by the particular kind of number implemented (e.g., bitwise operations for non-integral numbers) should be left undefined.
__add__( self, other) __sub__( self, other) __mul__( self, other) __floordiv__( self, other) __mod__( self, other) __divmod__( self, other) __pow__( self, other[, modulo]) __lshift__( self, other) __rshift__( self, other) __and__( self, other) __xor__( self, other) __or__( self, other) - These methods are called to implement the binary arithmetic operations (
+,-,*,//,%, divmod(), pow(),**,<<,>>,&,^,|). For instance, to evaluate the expression x+y, where x is an instance of a class that has an__add__() method,x.__add__(y)is called. The __divmod__() method should be the equivalent to using__floordiv__() and __mod__(); it should not be related to __truediv__() (described below). Note that__pow__() should be defined to accept an optional third argument if the ternary version of the built-in pow()function is to be supported.If one of those methods does not support the operation with the supplied arguments, it should returnNotImplemented.
__div__( self, other) __truediv__( self, other) - The division operator (
/) is implemented by these methods. The __truediv__() method is used when__future__.divisionis in effect, otherwise __div__() is used. If only one of these two methods is defined, the object will not support division in the alternate context; TypeError will be raised instead.
__radd__( self, other) __rsub__( self, other) __rmul__( self, other) __rdiv__( self, other) __rtruediv__( self, other) __rfloordiv__( self, other) __rmod__( self, other) __rdivmod__( self, other) __rpow__( self, other) __rlshift__( self, other) __rrshift__( self, other) __rand__( self, other) __rxor__( self, other) __ror__( self, other) - These methods are called to implement the binary arithmetic operations (
+,-,*,/,%, divmod(), pow(),**,<<,>>,&,^,|) with reflected (swapped) operands. These functions are only called if the left operand does not support the corresponding operation and the operands are of different types.3.3 For instance, to evaluate the expression x-y, where y is an instance of a class that has an __rsub__() method,y.__rsub__(x)is called ifx.__sub__(y)returns NotImplemented.Note that ternary pow() will not try calling __rpow__() (the coercion rules would become too complicated).
Note: If the right operand's type is a subclass of the left operand's type and that subclass provides the reflected method for the operation, this method will be called before the left operand's non-reflected method. This behavior allows subclasses to override their ancestors' operations.
__iadd__( self, other) __isub__( self, other) __imul__( self, other) __idiv__( self, other) __itruediv__( self, other) __ifloordiv__( self, other) __imod__( self, other) __ipow__( self, other[, modulo]) __ilshift__( self, other) __irshift__( self, other) __iand__( self, other) __ixor__( self, other) __ior__( self, other) - These methods are called to implement the augmented arithmetic operations (
+=,-=,*=,/=,//=,%=,**=,<<=,>>=,&=,^=,|=). These methods should attempt to do the operation in-place (modifying self) and return the result (which could be, but does not have to be, self). If a specific method is not defined, the augmented operation falls back to the normal methods. For instance, to evaluate the expression x+=y, where x is an instance of a class that has an __iadd__() method,x.__iadd__(y)is called. If x is an instance of a class that does not define a__iadd__() method,x.__add__(y)andy.__radd__(x)are considered, as with the evaluation of x+y.
__neg__( self) __pos__( self) __abs__( self) __invert__( self) - Called to implement the unary arithmetic operations (
-,+, abs() and~).
__complex__( self) __int__( self) __long__( self) __float__( self) - Called to implement the built-in functions complex(), int(), long(), and float(). Should return a value of the appropriate type.
__oct__( self) __hex__( self) - Called to implement the built-in functions oct() and hex(). Should return a string value.
__index__( self) - Called to implement operator.index(). Also called whenever Python needs an integer object (such as in slicing). Must return an integer (int or long). New in version 2.5.
__coerce__( self, other) - Called to implement ``mixed-mode'' numeric arithmetic. Should either return a 2-tuple containing self and otherconverted to a common numeric type, or
Noneif conversion is impossible. When the common type would be the type ofother, it is sufficient to returnNone, since the interpreter will also ask the other object to attempt a coercion (but sometimes, if the implementation of the other type cannot be changed, it is useful to do the conversion to the other type here). A return value ofNotImplementedis equivalent to returningNone.
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